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¤W­±ªº°Q½×¤w¸g¦¨¥\¦a§â¬F©²¨Mµ¦ªºÅÜ°Ê©Òµo¥Íªº¤£³sÄò²{¶H¡A©ñ¤J¤@­Ó¦yÂI¼@Åܪº¼Ò«¬ùØ¡C²{¦b¨Ó¤¶²Ð²Ä¤TºØ¤]¬O«Ü²³æªº°ò¥»¼@Åܼҫ¬¡AºÙ¬°¿P§ÀÂI¼@ÅÜ(swallow-tail catastrophe)¡C¥O $V(x)=\frac{1}{5} x^5+\frac{1}{3} ux^3+\frac{1}{2} vx^2+wx$¡A«h V'(x)=x4+ux2+vx+w¡A V''(x)=4x3+2ux+v¡AÁÙ¦³ V'''(x)=12x2+2u¡C¤´¥ý¦Ò¼{ V'(x)=x4+ux2+vx+w=0¡A±±¨îÂI(u,v,w)¥i¤À¦¨: 1.¦b³Ì¦nªº±¡§ÎV'(x)=0¨ã¦³¥|­Ó¹ê®Ú¡A¦]¦¹¥Ñ¤j¨ì¤p¤À§O¬°·¥¤p¡B·¥¤j¡B·¥¤p¤Î·¥¤j¡C2.¥|®Ú¤¤¥u¦³¨â­Ó¹ê®Ú(¨ä¤¤¤@­Ó·¥¤j¤@­Ó·¥¤p)¡A¥t¨â®Ú¬O¦@³m½Æ¼Æ¡C3.©Ò¦³¥|®Ú¬Ò¬°½Æ¼Æ¡A¨S¦³¹ê®Ú¦]¦¹¨S¦³·¥¤j·¥¤p¡C¦]¦¹(u,v,w)³o¤Tºûªº±±¨îªÅ¶¡¤¤¦s¦b¤@­Ó¦±­±K¡A§â¾ã­Ó±±¨îªÅ¶¡¤À¹j¦¨¤W­±¤TºØ¤£¦PÃþªº³¡¤À¡C³o­Ó¦±­±K¨ä¹ê´N¬O¥|¦¸¤èµ{¦¡V'(x)=0¤§§P§O¦¡¦±­±¡A´«¨¥¤§¬O©Ò¦³¨Ï±oV'(x)=0¨ã¦³­«®Ú¡A§Y¦P®Éº¡¨¬ V'(x)=V''(x)=0¤§±±¨îÂI(u,v,w)©Òºc¦¨¤§¦±­±¡A¦p¹Ï¤Q¤»©Ò¥Ü¡C¥Ñ©óV'(x)=0¤§®Úx­YÁÙº¡¨¬V''(x)=0¡A«h¬°¤G­«®Ú;­Y§óº¡¨¬V'''(x)=0«h¬°¤T­«®Ú¡C¦]¦¹§Ú­Ì¤£§«¥ý¨Ó¦Ò¼{Áp¥ß¤èµ{¦¡:

\begin{displaymath}
\begin{eqalign}
& x^4+ux^2+vx+w=0 \\
& 4x^3+2ux+v=0 \\
& 12x^2+2u=0
\end{eqalign}\end{displaymath}

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